What happens in the brain when we learn something new
When we learn something new, a complex process occurs in the brain that involves the formation of new connections between neurons, the strengthening of existing connections, and the reorganization of neural circuits. Here's a step-by-step explanation of what happens in the brain when we learn something new:
- Attention and Encoding: When we encounter new information, our brain's attentional systems are activated, and we focus on the relevant stimuli. The information is then encoded in our brain's sensory cortex, where it is processed and analyzed.
- Neural Activation: The encoded information activates a network of neurons in the brain, which is often referred to as a "neural circuit." This circuit is composed of multiple neurons that communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.
- Synaptic Plasticity: As the neural circuit is activated, the connections between neurons, known as synapses, are modified. This process is called synaptic plasticity. There are two main types of synaptic plasticity:
- Long-term potentiation (LTP): The strength of the connection between neurons increases, making it easier for them to communicate with each other.
- Long-term depression (LTD): The strength of the connection between neurons decreases, making it more difficult for them to communicate with each other.
- Neurotransmitter Release: When a neuron is activated, it releases neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, into the synapse. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on adjacent neurons, influencing the strength of the connection.
- Hebbian Learning: The phrase "neurons that fire together, wire together" describes the process of Hebbian learning. When neurons are activated simultaneously, they form new connections, strengthening the neural circuit.
- Consolidation: As we repeat the new information, the neural circuit is consolidated, and the connections between neurons become more stable. This process involves the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
- Reorganization: As we learn new information, our brain's neural circuits are reorganized to accommodate the new knowledge. This process involves the formation of new connections and the pruning of unnecessary ones.
- Memory Consolidation: The newly formed neural circuit is consolidated into long-term memory, which is stored in various parts of the brain, such as the hippocampus and neocortex.
- Re retrieval: When we recall the new information, the neural circuit is reactivated, and the connections between neurons are strengthened, making it easier to retrieve the information.
In summary, learning something new involves the formation of new connections between neurons, the strengthening of existing connections, and the reorganization of neural circuits. This complex process is facilitated by the release of neurotransmitters, Hebbian learning, consolidation, and reorganization, ultimately leading to the formation of long-term memories.