New black movement

The New Black Movement (NBM) was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily among African Americans. The movement was characterized by a rejection of the traditional civil rights movement's emphasis on integration and assimilation, and instead sought to promote black pride, self-determination, and cultural nationalism.

The NBM was influenced by various factors, including the Black Power movement, the Nation of Islam, and the African diaspora. It was also shaped by the experiences of African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement, including the Watts riots, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the rise of urban poverty and crime.

Some key figures associated with the New Black Movement include:

1. Stokely Carmichael: A prominent civil rights leader who coined the term "Black Power" and advocated for black self-determination.
2. Huey P. Newton: Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, which was a key organization in the NBM.
3. Angela Davis: A scholar, activist, and member of the Communist Party USA who was involved in the NBM and advocated for black liberation.
4. Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones): A poet, playwright, and activist who was a key figure in the NBM and wrote extensively on black culture and politics.
5. Maulana Karenga: A scholar and activist who founded the US Organization, a black nationalist organization that promoted black pride and self-determination.

The NBM was characterized by several key themes, including:

1. Black pride: A rejection of the shame and self-hatred associated with being black, and a celebration of black culture and identity.
2. Self-determination: A call for African Americans to take control of their own lives and communities, rather than relying on white institutions and authorities.
3. Cultural nationalism: A focus on promoting and preserving black culture, including music, art, literature, and spirituality.
4. Anti-imperialism: A critique of US foreign policy and its impact on people of color around the world.
5. Marxism-Leninism: Some NBM figures, such as Angela Davis, were influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology and saw the struggle for black liberation as part of a broader struggle against capitalism and imperialism.

The NBM had a significant impact on African American culture and politics, and its influence can still be seen today. Some of the movement's key achievements include:

1. Promoting black pride and self-determination: The NBM helped to create a sense of black pride and self-determination that continues to shape African American culture and politics.
2. Fostering black cultural production: The NBM encouraged the creation of black art, music, and literature, and helped to establish black cultural institutions such as the Black Arts Movement.
3. Challenging racism and oppression: The NBM challenged racism and oppression in all its forms, including institutional racism, police brutality, and economic inequality.
4. Building black community: The NBM helped to build black community and promote black unity, which was essential for the movement's success.

However, the NBM also faced challenges and criticisms, including:

1. Internal conflicts: The NBM was marked by internal conflicts and divisions, particularly between different factions and ideologies.
2. Criticisms of black nationalism: Some critics argued that the NBM's emphasis on black nationalism was too narrow and exclusionary, and that it ignored the experiences and perspectives of other marginalized groups.
3. Criticisms of Marxism-Leninism: Some critics argued that the NBM's adoption of Marxist-Leninist ideology was too rigid and dogmatic, and that it ignored the complexities and nuances of black liberation.

Overall, the New Black Movement was a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that had a significant impact on African American culture and politics. While it faced challenges and criticisms, it remains an important part of the ongoing struggle for black liberation and self-determination.