Crciut diagram for an automatic fault breaker

A very specific and interesting topic!

Here is a basic circuit diagram for an automatic fault breaker, also known as a circuit breaker or fuse:

          +---------------+
          |  Voltage    |
          |  Sensor (e.g.  |
          |  thermocouple) |
          +---------------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+---------------+       +---------------+
|  Fault        |       |  Trip Coil    |
|  Detection    |       |  (e.g. relay)  |
|  Circuit      |       +---------------+
+---------------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+---------------+       +---------------+
|  Timer        |       |  Reset        |
|  (e.g. 555    |       |  Switch (e.g.  |
|  timer IC)    |       |  SPST switch)  |
+---------------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+---------------+       +---------------+
|  Output       |       |  Load         |
|  (e.g. relay  |       |  (e.g. motor,  |
|  or contactor) |       |  lighting)     |
+---------------+

Here's a brief explanation of each component:

  1. Voltage Sensor: Monitors the voltage level in the circuit and detects any abnormal conditions, such as overvoltage or undervoltage.
  2. Fault Detection Circuit: Analyzes the voltage sensor output and detects any faults, such as overcurrent, overvoltage, or undervoltage.
  3. Trip Coil: A relay or contactor that is triggered by the fault detection circuit to disconnect the power supply to the load.
  4. Timer: A timing circuit that ensures the trip coil remains energized for a certain period (e.g., 1-2 seconds) to allow the fault to clear before resetting.
  5. Reset Switch: A switch that resets the trip coil and allows the power supply to be restored to the load when the fault has cleared.
  6. Output: The relay or contactor that controls the power supply to the load.

When a fault occurs, the voltage sensor detects the abnormal condition and sends a signal to the fault detection circuit. The fault detection circuit analyzes the signal and triggers the trip coil to disconnect the power supply to the load. The timer ensures that the trip coil remains energized for a certain period before the reset switch can reset the trip coil and restore power to the load.

Note that this is a basic diagram, and actual implementations may vary depending on the specific requirements and design constraints of the application. Additionally, modern automatic fault breakers may incorporate more advanced features, such as: