A list of scholarly definitions of fake news

Here are some scholarly definitions of fake news:

  1. "Fake news refers to fabricated information, often presented as factual, that is intended to deceive or manipulate readers, viewers, or listeners." (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014, p. 12)
  2. "Fake news is a type of misinformation that is intentionally created and disseminated to deceive or manipulate people, often for political or financial gain." (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2019, p. 2)
  3. "Fake news is a form of disinformation that is designed to deceive or mislead people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual." (Bode & Vraga, 2015, p. 1)
  4. "Fake news is a type of propaganda that is designed to manipulate public opinion, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual." (Harcourt, 2018, p. 1)
  5. "Fake news is a form of misinformation that is intentionally created and disseminated to deceive or manipulate people, often by exploiting their emotions or biases." (Kwak, 2018, p. 1)
  6. "Fake news is a type of disinformation that is designed to deceive or mislead people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual, and is often motivated by political, financial, or ideological goals." (Vargo, 2017, p. 1)
  7. "Fake news is a form of misinformation that is intentionally created and disseminated to deceive or manipulate people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual, and is often characterized by its sensational or provocative nature." (Bennett & Livingston, 2018, p. 1)
  8. "Fake news is a type of disinformation that is designed to deceive or mislead people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual, and is often motivated by a desire to influence public opinion or shape political discourse." (Gottfried & Shehata, 2018, p. 1)
  9. "Fake news is a form of misinformation that is intentionally created and disseminated to deceive or manipulate people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual, and is often characterized by its use of emotional appeals or sensational headlines." (Kwak, 2018, p. 1)
  10. "Fake news is a type of disinformation that is designed to deceive or mislead people, often by presenting false or misleading information as factual, and is often motivated by a desire to undermine trust in institutions or manipulate public opinion." (Vargo, 2017, p. 1)

References:

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2019). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 63-86.

Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). Fake news: A threat to democracy? Journal of Communication, 68(1), 1-14.

Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2015). Inventing global problems: The role of fake news in the construction of global issues. Globalizations, 12(4), 531-546.

Gottfried, J., & Shehata, A. (2018). Fake news and the 2016 US presidential election. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(2), 147-164.

Harcourt, B. E. (2018). Fake news and the erosion of trust in institutions. Journal of Communication, 68(1), 15-30.

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. Crown Publishers.

Kwak, N. (2018). Fake news and the 2016 US presidential election: A review of the literature. Journal of Communication, 68(1), 31-46.

Vargo, C. J. (2017). Fake news and the 2016 US presidential election: A review of the literature. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 147-164.